• LA SOUTANE

    LA SOUTANE

    La soutane est, depuis fort longtemps, l'habit distinctif du prêtre, qu'il doit porter partout, même en dehors de l'église, du moins dans les pays où les lois et la coutume ne l'interdisent pas, comme dans les pays à prédominance protestante. Elle reste cependant obligatoire pour célébrer la messe, même là où elle est remplacée en ville par le clergyman. Le code de droit canonique le stipule expressément (canon 811) : " Le prêtre qui va célébrer la messe doit porter un habit ecclésiastique descendant jusqu'aux talons, et les ornements prescrits par les rubriques de son rite. " Et la rubrique du missel ne dit pas autre chose : " Le prêtre, chaussé convenablement et revêtu des habits de son état, dont celui de dessus descend au moins jusqu'au talon, s'approche des ornements sacrés et les prend. " " Encore que l'habit ne donne pas la vertu monastique, dit le concile de Trente, il faut néanmoins que les clercs portent toujours des vêtements convenant à l'ordre qu'ils ont reçu, et que l'honneur et la pureté de leurs mœurs reluisent dans la décence extérieure de leurs habits. Mais quelques-uns sont si téméraires, et si oublieux du respect dû à la religion, de l'honneur clérical et de leur propre dignité, qu'ils ne craignent pas de porter publiquement des habits laïques, voulant participer à la fois aux choses divines et aux charnelles " (session XIV). " L'habit ecclésiastique, disaient les statuts d'Angers, inspire toujours de la vénération et du respect pour celui qui en est revêtu, en même temps qu'il porte le prêtre à se respecter lui-même, et qu'il l'empêche de s'écarter de la réserve et des convenances qu'exige sa dignité. " Venant de l'italien sottâna, dérivé lui-même de subtus, la soutane doit être portée sous les ornements sacrés. Elle est une transformation de l'habit long porté communément avant les invasions des barbares, abandonné plus tard par les gens du monde et devenu propre aux magistrats, aux médecins, aux professeurs et au clergé. Telle qu'elle est taillée aujourd'hui, elle remonte au 18ème siècle. Les conciles ne défendirent d'abord que les couleurs éclatantes et les riches broderies. Un concile d'Avignon en 1209 défendait aux ecclésiastiques le rouge et le vert ; le concile de Latran fit de même sous Innocent III en 1215, mais il ne comprenait que les clercs inférieurs aux évêques, et ceux-ci pouvaient avoir des soutanes rouges ou vertes. Il semblerait donc que, dans les premiers temps, les clercs inférieurs pouvaient avoir une soutane blanche, noire ou violette. Saint Charles Borromée (t 1584), voulant se conformer aux conciles, ne permit que la soutane noire aux clercs de second ordre, à moins que la dignité dont ils étaient revêtus n'en demandât une autre. Peu à peu, la couleur noire pour la soutane fut universellement adoptée et rendue obligatoire dans l'Église latine. La plupart des ordres religieux, cependant, conservèrent la couleur de leur habit, le blanc (cisterciens, dominicains, etc.) et le brun (carmes, franciscains, capucins, etc.). Les évêques, depuis le concile de Trente, pour mieux se conformer à l'esprit de pénitence et de deuil si convenable au clergé, et voulant toutefois se distinguer des clercs inférieurs, prirent pour eux le violet ; ils n'ont la soutane noire qu'aux jours de pénitence et en dehors de leurs diocèses. Les prélats romains peuvent aussi, dans certaines circonstances, porter la soutane violette, de même que les maîtres de cérémonies et les cérémoniaires d'une église cathédrale. Les cardinaux, jusqu'au milieu du XVe siècle, avaient comme les évêques la soutane violette. Paul II (1464-1471) leur donna la soutane rouge pour signifier qu'ils sont les défenseurs-nés de l'Église, et jusqu'au sang s'il le faut. Ils prennent la soutane violette aux jours où les évêques prennent la noire. Le pape est le seul à porter la soutane blanche sous le camail rouge. Les missionnaires sont autorisés à porter la soutane blanche en raison du climat, mais celle que porte le pape est devenue de règle à partir de saint Pie V (1566-1572) : dominicain, il avait gardé l'habit blanc de son ordre (auparavant les papes portaient la soutane rouge des cardinaux). A Rome, au début du siècle encore, il était possible de reconnaître l'origine, et donc le séminaire, de chaque séminariste par la couleur de la soutane ou de la ceinture, qui variait suivant les différentes nationalités. Voici le texte de la formule de bénédiction de la soutane : " Seigneur jésus, qui avez daigné vous revêtir de notre corps mortel, nous vous supplions de répandre sur nous l'abondance de vos inépuisables libéralités et de bénir ce vêtement nouveau dont nos pères ont fait choix, en place de l'habit séculier, pour symboliser l'innocence ou l'humilité. Faites que ces jeunes gens, qui veulent vous servir, en revêtant ce vêtement se revêtent en même temps de vous, et qu'au milieu des autres hommes, par la sainteté de leur vie, il apparaisse à tous qu'ils vous sont consacrés, à vous, ô Dieu, qui vivez et régnez dans les siècles sans fin. " Dérivée de l'antique toge romaine, la soutane enveloppe le corps entier, représentant la modestie et la mort au péché. " La sainte soutane, dit M. Olier, est un signe extérieur qui manifeste l'état intérieur de l'âme. " C'est aussi ce qu'exprime le pontifical : " Faites, ô mon Dieu, que changés à l'extérieur, il s'opère aussi dans leur intérieur, par l'efficacité de votre action, un accroissement de vertus. " " La couleur noire indique la première disposition qui doit être dans le clerc, qui est d'être mort à tout l'amour et à toute l'estime du siècle ", dit M. Olier, s'inspirant de la pensée de saint Bernard : " Le vêtement noir signifie l'humilité de l'esprit et le mépris du monde. " L'ampleur de la soutane a aussi sa signification symbolique et, d'après Siméon de Thessalonique, elle exprime l'ampleur de la charité sacerdotale. La longueur de cet habit exprime la persévérance, ou la patience, comme celle du vêtement de Joseph. " Que la fin du sacrifice réponde au commencement, et que votre tunique déjà riche par la grâce de Dieu, descende jusqu'au talon : car il ne sert de rien d'avoir bien commencé, si la persévérance ne vient pas couronner l'œuvre " (saint Bernard, Ep. 78). La longueur signifie aussi la pudeur et la chasteté : " La soutane couvre tout le corps, dit M. Olier, en témoignage que toute la chair est morte, et que le clerc qui la porte, porte en soi la mort de Jésus-Christ en tous ses membres. En effet, il faut que celui qui est élevé à ce saint état montre en sa personne la mort de Notre Seigneur et ses victoires, et il faut que toutes ses œuvres les prêchent et les annoncent partout. Saint Paul dit de tous les chrétiens qu'ils doivent être environnés en tout leur corps de la mort de Jésus-Christ (2 Co 4, 10). Et c'est ce que figure la soutane qui couvre les clercs, qui environne tout leur corps, et qui ne laisse rien voir d'eux que sous un habit de mort. Comme ils sont tout à Jésus-Christ, et qu'ils se sont donnés à lui sans réserve dans la cléricature, non seulement ils doivent avoir crucifié leur chair en tous ses dérèglements, mais aussi en tous ses désirs. " Du clerc revêtu de sa soutane, on ne doit voir que les mains et le visage. Les mains parce qu'elles représentent les œuvres, le visage parce qu'il doit être illuminé par la grâce de la contemplation.

    LA SOUTANE

    LA SOUTANE

    LA SOUTANE


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    1
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    Lundi 18 Mars à 19:16
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    10
    Samedi 23 Mars à 12:00
    IOWA CITY, Iowa (AP) - The first two rounds of the women's NCAA Tournament are the last chances for Iowa´s Caitlin Clark to play at home, and the last opportunity for Clark and fellow starters Gabbie Marshall and Kate Martin in the postseason. They prefer not to think of it that way. "I feel like that´s not really how we´re approaching it," Clark said Friday. "I feel like we´re approaching it like this is very businesslike. We are here to win, get back to the Final Four. I feel like if you approach it in a way of, `This is the end, this is our last time playing on our home court, this is our last time hosting,´ you could get too caught up in the emotions of it." Marshall, a fifth-year guard, "agrees with everything she said." "But at the same time, we know this is our last tournament, as well, and I think that just brings an extra motivation for the three of us," Marshall said. The Hawkeyes (29-4), the No. 1 seed in the Albany 2 Regional, face 16th-seeded Holy Cross (21-12) in Saturday´s first-round game. No. 8 seed West Virginia (24-7) faces ninth-seeded Princeton (25-4) in the other first-round game. Iowa made it to last season´s national championship game, losing to LSU, and played all of this season as a top-6 team. The entire home season was a sellout, and almost all of the Hawkeyes´ road games were as well. The Saturday and Monday sessions at Iowa´s Carver-Hawkeye Arena are also sellouts. "Pressure? There´s no pressure," Iowa coach Lisa Bluder said, laughing. Bluder has said the Hawkeyes have faced an "NCAA Tournament atmosphere" all season, and that includes all of the attention placed on Clark, who became college basketball´s all-time leading scorer this season. Clark said the season has been "really fun" even with all of the attention. "I guess that´s the thing where I find kind of peace in, is like I don´t feel like this is a job," she said. "I don´t feel like I have to go out there and score 40 points a night. I just go out there and have fun." The Hawkeyes haven´t played since winning the Big Ten Tournament championship on March 10. "It took us a while to get our feet back underneath us, mentally and physically," Bluder said. "But now it seems like it´s been forever. This week has really been dragging on a little bit." Holy Cross is coming off Thursday´s 72-45 win over UT-Martin in a First Four game. The Crusaders had 12 3-pointers, seven from guard Cara McCormack. Holy Cross has been in Iowa City since Tuesday. The Crusaders got a tour of Iowa´s football facility and Kinnick Stadium - forward Janelle Allen´s brother, Brian, is a defensive end for the Hawkeyes - and went to Tuesday´s men's NIT game between Iowa and Kansas State. "We feel like this is a second home at this point," said Holy Cross coach Maureen MaGarity. MaGarity knows what her team will be facing against the Hawkeyes and a crowd of almost 15,000. "I don´t think there´s anything to prepare you for what we´ll face," MaGarity said. "The stage we´re going to be on, the crowd - it will be a once-in-a-lifetime experience." West Virginia coach Mark Kellogg was asked about the viral online video from Selection Sunday, when Kellogg told a group of fans the goal was, "Let´s win one and let´s send Caitlin Clark packing." "I wasn´t trying to do anything other than we had a group of people there that asked all the questions and we talked it all through and then that came out," Kellogg said. "You know how social media works. I´d see it, and the clip just keeps getting shorter and shorter and shorter and shorter, and then finally by the end of it it was `Mark Kellogg is calling out Caitlin Clark´ or whatever." Kellogg said Clark was "a generational talent." "We would be fortunate to get the opportunity to play against her, but we´ve got plenty of business first," he said. Princeton, the Ivy League champion, is playing in its fifth consecutive NCAA Tournament. The challenge for the Tigers is handling West Virginia´s pressure defense. "They´re athletic, they have quick hands," said Princeton coach Carla Berube. "They run that 2-2-1 press, that 1-2-1-1 press, they make it really difficult. It´s certainly something we´ve been working on to make sure we have a good plan in place." ___ AP March Madness bracket: website and coverage: website Clark, No. 1 seed Hawkeyes take steady approach to NCAA...
    11
    Dimanche 24 Mars à 17:53
    In the film "Iron Jawed Angels," some of the symbols used include the yellow roses symbolizing hope and solidarity, the purple, white, and gold suffra Read more Metal and Alloys +1 What is the balanced chemical equation for zinc plus acetic acid? Asked by Wiki User Zinc hydroxide is (almost) insoluble in water, while caesium acetate is soluble Zn(CH₃COO)₂(aq) + 2 CsOH(aq) → Zn(OH)₂(s)↓ + 2 Cs(CH Read more Metal and Alloys What is the name of the most common aluminium ore? Asked by Wiki User Bauxite . Chemically it is Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
    12
    Lundi 25 Mars à 10:56
    Rating: Copa 71 (PG, 90 mins) Rating: Irish Wish (93 mins) Even in my many years as a sports writer, I never knew there was a women's football World Cup in 1971, with more than 100,000 people crammed into Mexico City's Azteca Stadium to watch the final between Mexico and Denmark, a year after the infinitely more celebrated men's final between Brazil and Italy in the same arena. But there's no shame in that, because not many did. Outrageously, it has been all but expunged from the history books, and for years afterwards the players were bullied — by the game's governing body, FIFA, as well as their countries' football associations and even their own menfolk — into not talking about it. A terrific documentary (executive-produced by Venus and Serena Williams), Copa 71  sets the record straight with tournament footage that was suppressed for half a century, plus a series of interviews with those who took part. They include the woman said to be the world's best female player, Italy's Elena Schiavo, still angry at the distinctly iffy refereeing decisions that favoured Mexico in the semi-final. But more interesting, and painful, is all the evidence of misogyny — there's no other word for it — to which the women footballers of that era were subjected. The England captain Carol Wilson recalls a dinner at her home-town club, Newcastle United, at which the compere warmly invited her up to the stage as 'a star' in their midst, then proceeded to belittle and humiliate her. Lis lene Nielsen with the trophy after the final match against Mexico in the Women's Football World Cup in Mexico 1971 Outrageously, the 1971 Women's World Cup has been all but expunged from the history books, and for years afterwards the players were bullied — by the game's governing body, FIFA The film's co-director with Rachel Ramsay is James Erskine, whose documentary credits include 2013's Battle Of The Sexes about the tennis match between Billie-Jean King and Bobby Riggs, and whose feminist credentials are now complete. Speaking of completion, if you get through to the end of Irish Wish, a poorly-scripted, dreadfully-acted, idiotically-plotted rom-com, then award yourself a four-leafed clover. Lindsay Lohan plays an American book editor, in Ireland for the wedding of a best-selling author, whom she not-so secretly fancies. It's ghastly from start to finish, but there is some vague fun in counting the Emerald Isle cliches, which pile up like empty Guinness glasses in Scruffy Murphy's bar. Copa 71 is in cinemas. Irish Wish is on Netflix. ItalyWomen's FootballSerena WilliamsMexico
    13
    Mardi 26 Mars à 12:45
    The most powerful tool for better health is education. To get our country off its sickbed and functioning again, it is crucial that we fully reopen both our schools and our universities. But that won't happen as long as millions are terrified of returning to normal life. The Government urgently needs to send out a clear, concise message that the risk from Covid-19 is currently low. This is evidenced by the death toll. It is vital that people understand that the mortality rate and the number of hospital admissions are the key figures - not the infection rate. On Sunday, just a single death from Covid-19 was reported in Britain. That's one person out of a population of roughly 66million. Yesterday, it was two people - every death a personal tragedy for the families involved, but statistically a very low number. Professor Carl Heneghan, director of the University of Oxford's Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, wants to see all children back at school There are currently about 430 people in critical care beds being treated for the novel coronavirus. That is compared to 17,000 at the height of the crisis in April. The gulf is vast. Don't be misled, as so many people are, by the rise in infections nationally. On Sunday, 1,715 people across Britain tested positive for Covid-19, the most since early June. It's easy to misinterpret that data and to assume that we're in the grip of the feared 'second wave'. We are not. There is currently no second wave. What we are seeing is a sharp rise in the number of healthy people who are carrying the virus, but exhibiting no symptoms. Almost all of them are young. They are being spotted because - finally - a comprehensive system of national test and trace is in place. And while young people might have an infection, they appear well and healthy, not showing any symptoms. We also need to reassure parents that it's safe for children to return to school this week. School-age pupils are the least likely to display any Covid-19 symptoms, and it will be a tragedy if they are denied the chance to restart their education by ill-founded fears. We need our children to be smarter than ourselves to ensure we do not repeat the mistakes of our current generation - we need them to be in class. Pupils at Rosshall Academy wear face coverings as it becomes mandatory in corridors and communal areas on August 31, The alarmists will say that such asymptomatic people are just as likely to spread the coronavirus - and are perhaps even more dangerous, because they don't know they have it. That fear simply is not borne out by the experience of the past six months. On the contrary, when the whole country was locked down, it was the younger people who remained free of the infection. And while everyone stayed home, it spread like wildfire in our hospitals and, most deadly of all, in care homes for the elderly. Care home cases have now fallen sharply, though we have yet to eradicate the danger. We know that infection rates have risen among the young, but we are not seeing any subsequent infections among the elderly. The evidence is becoming clearer. Young people provide no protection to older members of society by staying away from school, university and work. But they wreak terrible long-term damage in other ways by maintaining their social isolation. For anyone who has been sheltering since March, the situation seems frightening. If you haven't set foot in your office for months, naturally you will be anxious. And how much worse that is for children and students who haven't seen the inside of a classroom or lecture theatre since the spring. They need reassurance, and it is the job of teachers and lecturers to provide that. Boris Johnson wants the re-opening of our schools to be the springboard that brings the rest of Britain back to normality That's why I am disappointed with any lecturer or university official claiming they are being forced into the firing line by uncaring ministers. We have to find a compromise that reflects the critical need to get students back into lectures and tutorials. As a university lecturer myself, I know the answer is to be pragmatic. We can ensure proper social distancing is observed, by moving some (but far from all) of the work online. Large groups can then be split up and seen on a staggered schedule. We need to apply common sense to get Britain's education back on track. If that doesn't happen, the consequences will be catastrophic. Some activists want colleges to stay closed until January, which is ludicrous - everything we know about coronavirus pathogens tells us they are more virulent in winter. We might be in the grip of a genuine second wave by the New Year. What happens then? If the spring term is cancelled, following an autumn no-show, university students will have been left to drift for a year. It's hard to imagine the system could ever fully recover: our top tier of education, the envy of the world, will be irreparably damaged. That is brutally unfair on young people whose lives will be permanently affected. It will also have a devastating effect on the country's capacity to recover from the pandemic. We need young people with world-class education to reboot our economy. Without them, we are lost. Denied the opportunity to complete the education that they have worked for all their lives, hundreds of thousands of young people's health and wellbeing could suffer. A new epidemic, far more insidious and afflicting the youngest generation of adults, will take hold. We can all do our bit to suppress the spread of the infection. We need to be vigilant and flexible. Anyone who has even mild symptoms should get themselves tested, and self-isolate until they get their results back. Hand-washing and social distancing are as essential as ever. These precautions have been effective in pubs and restaurants. We need the courage to apply them in the workplace too. There's no reason to fear infection in shops and offices - and everything to fear if we can't get them running normally again. Above all, we need to restart our universities. They are Britain's brains trust, a resource of inestimable value for both students and the whole economy. We cannot allow them to disintegrate. Professor Carl Heneghan is director of the University of Oxford's Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Covid-19
    14
    Jeudi 28 Mars à 10:40
    ต้นเดือนกรกฎาคมของทุกปีหลายพื้นที่ในประเทศไทยก็จะเริ่มออกรสลานกับการจัดงานเทศกาลแห่
    15
    Jeudi 28 Mars à 14:43
    การที่มีดอกไม้งานศพเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของพิธีศพไทยได้แก่การเรียกดอกไม้ไว้บนกระดาษหรือของใ
    16
    Jeudi 28 Mars à 14:45
    การใช้ดอกไม้ในงานศพเป็นประเพณีที่มีการสังเกตได้ในทุกวัฒนธรรมทั่วโลก ในประเทศไทย.
    17
    Samedi 30 Mars à 14:46
    หิมะโปร่งสว่างแสงเมื่อเช้าวันนั้น.
    18
    Samedi 30 Mars à 17:10
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    19
    Samedi 30 Mars à 18:19
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    20
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    21
    Lundi 8 Avril à 14:37
    해운대고구려와 룸싸롱: 부산의 역사적 매력과 현대적 즐거움 해운대는 부산의 랜드마크이자 관광명소로 널리 알려진 곳입니다. 이곳은 아름다운 해변과 풍부한 문화, 그리고 다채로운 엔터테인먼트로 유명합니다. 특히 해운대에서는 고구려와 룸싸롱이 함께 어우러져 독특한 매력을 뽐내고 있습니다. 해운대고구려는 부산에서 인기 있는 전통 사우나로, 한국의 역사와 문화를 체험할 수 있는 곳입니다. 이곳은 온천과 사우나를 즐길 수 있으며, 특히 한국 전통 목욕 방식을 경험할 수 있는 장소로 유명합니다. 해운대고구려는 자연 친화적인 디자인과 편안한 분위기로 여행객들에게 안식처가 되어줍니다. 룸싸롱은 해운대의 또 다른 매력적인 시설 중 하나로, 술을 마시며 즐길 수 있는 편안한 분위기를 제공합니다. 이곳에서는 다양한 술과 안주를 즐기면서 친구들과 즐거운 시간을 보낼 수 있습니다. 룸싸롱은 해운대의 밤문화를 즐기는 이들 사이에서 인기를 끌고 있으며, 특히 관광객들에게 추천하는 장소 중 하나입니다. 해운대고구려와 룸싸롱을 경험하고 싶은 이들을 위해 해운대고구려사이트와 해운대룸싸롱사이트가 설립되었습니다. 이러한 사이트를 통해 예약을 할 수 있으며, 가격과 후기 등을 확인할 수 있어 더욱 편리하게 방문을 계획할 수 있습니다. 또한 부산룸싸롱사이트도 함께 운영되어 부산에서도 편리하게 룸싸롱을 즐길 수 있습니다. 해운대고구려와 룸싸롱을 방문할 때는 가격을 미리 확인하는 것이 중요합니다. 해운대룸싸롱추천과 부산룸싸롱추천 사이트를 통해 다양한 가게들을 살펴보고, 자신에게 적합한 가격과 분위기를 가진 곳을 선택할 수 있습니다. 또한 다른 이용자들의 후기를 참고하여 믿을 수 있는 장소를 선택할 수 있습니다. 해운대고구려와 룸싸롱은 해운대의 다채로운 매력을 느낄 수 있는 곳으로, 부산 여행 중 빠질 수 없는 장소입니다. 해운대의 자연과 역사를 함께 체험하며 즐거운 추억을 만들기 위해 방문해 보세요.
    22
    Mardi 9 Avril à 05:02
    Адвокат по уголовным делам — это высококвалифицированный специалист в области юриспруденции, который оказывает профессиональную правовую помощь лицам, обвиняемым в совершении преступлений, или потерпевшим от них. Задача такого адвоката заключается в том, чтобы обеспечить справедливое, беспристрастное рассмотрение дела и защитить права и интересы своего клиента в процессе уголовного преследования. Уголовный адвокат помогает на всех этапах уголовного процесса: от допросов и предварительного следствия до судебных заседаний, включая апелляционную и кассационную инстанции. Он анализирует материалы дела, собирает доказательства, готовит процессуальные документы, представляет интересы клиента в суде, аргументирует постановку на защиту и стремится к минимизации наказания или оправданию своего подзащитного. Хороший уголовный адвокат должен обладать глубокими познаниями в законодательстве, быть хорошим психологом и отличным оратором. От его профессионализма, опыта и умения строить защиту часто зависит исход дела и судьба клиента.
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